The Jungle Book is about a fictional kid, Mowgli, who lives and grows up in the Jungle, which is based on the real jungle environments of British India, specifically in the Sundarbans (world's largest mangrove forest) of modern-day Bangladesh. This is where Shere Khan (the Royal Bengal Tiger) lives, and the whole story takes place. A great childhood classic to read.
Note: The location is assumed to be in the Sundarbans, as most animals on the stores, especially the tigers of the Indian subcontinent, are mostly found in/around the Sundarbans region.